Official name	Abuja
Type	City
Map caption	Location of Abuja in Nigeria
Pushpin map	Nigeria
Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates region	NG
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Territory
Subdivision name1	Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)
Leader title	Minister
Leader name	Bala Mohammed
Area total km2	713
Area land km2	713
Population as of	2006
Population note
Population total	776298
Population density km2	auto
Timezone	WAT
Utc offset	+1
Coordinates type	region:NG_type:city(778567)
Website	fct.gov.ng/fcta
Footnotes	}}

Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria, within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Abuja is a planned city, and was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos. At the 2006 census, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298.

Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400-metre monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the town extend to the south of the rock. "Aso" means "victorious" in the language of the (now displaced) Asokoro ("the people of victory").

Other sights include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre. The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, while Zuma Rock lies nearby. Abuja is known for being the best purpose-built city in Africa as well as being one of the wealthiest and most expensive; however, the population on the semi-developed edges of the city are living in shanty towns such as Karu. Karu, originally planned to house the capital's civil servants and lower income families, still has no running water, sanitation or electricity.

History

In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria, plans had been devised since Nigeria's independence to have its capital in a location deemed neutral to all parties. The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity. Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid. The logic used was similar to how and Brazil planned its capital, Brasília. Construction broke ground and was dedicated in the late 1970s but, due to economic and political instability, the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s. The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was developed by International Planning Associates (IPA), a consortium of three American firms: Planning Research Corporation; Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd;and Archisystems, a division of the Hughes Organization. The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in the city's current form. More detailed design of the central areas of the capital, particularly its monumental core, was accomplished by Kenzo Tange, a renowned Japanese architect, with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company. Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja, and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos, still the commercial capital of Nigeria. Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the regional headquarters of OPEC. Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20% to 30% per year. Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits. Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003.

The FCT's ministers have been as follows:

John Jatau Kadiya, 1979–1982

Iro Abubakar Dan Musa, 1982–1983

Haliru Dantoro, 1983–1984

Mamman Jiya Vatsa, 1984–December 1985

Hamza Abdullahi, 1986–1989

Gado Nasko, 1989–1993

Jeremiah Timbut Useni, 1993–1998

Mamman Kontagora, 1998–1999

Ibrahim Bonu, 1999–2001

Mohammed Abba Gana, 2001–2003

Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai, 2003–May 2007

Aliyu Modibo, 2007–2008

Adamu Aliero, 2008–2010

Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed, 2010–present

Districts

The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts: the Central Cadastral Zone A00, the Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01 , Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03, Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02, Wuse II Districts (Cadastral Zone A07& Cadastral Zone A08, Maitama,Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04and Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09. There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2. They are Kado Cadastral Zone B09, Durumi Cadastral Zone B02, Gudu Cadastral Zone B01, Utako Cadastral Zone B05,Jabi Cadastral Zone B04Kukwuaba District, Abuja|Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00]], Wuye District, Abuja|Wuye Cadastral Zone B03]],Kaura District, Abuja|Kaura] Cadastral Zone B11, [Mabuchi District, Abuja|Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06]], Jahi Cadastral Zone B08],[[Katampe Ext District, Abuja|Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19 Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10, Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12[Gaduwa District, Abuja|Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13]], Dutse Cadastral Zone B14]]. And the Phase 3 districts are [, [Dakwo District, Abuja|Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08]], Nbora Cadastral Zone C06]][Galadimawa District, Abuja|Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07]], Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09 [Wumba District, Abuja|Wumba Cadastral Zone C10]], Karmo Cadastral Zone C01 [Dape District, Abuja|Dape Cadastral Zone C04]], Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 [Institution and Research District, Abuja|Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00]], Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16and Gwarimpa Cadastral Zone C02.

There are five suburban districts: Nyanya, Karu, Gwagwalada, Kubwa, and Jukwoyi. Along the Airport Road are clusters of satellite settlements, namely Lugbe, Chika, Kuchigworo and Pyakassa. Other satellite settlements are Idu (the main industrial zone), Mpape, Karimu, Gwagwa, Dei-Dei (housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market).

Central District

Abuja's Central District is between the foot of Aso Rock and into the Three Arms Zone to the southern base of the ring road. It is like the city's spinal cord, dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse, and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro. While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors, the Central District is the city's principal Business Zone, where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices. An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone, so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive, legislative and judicial arms of the federal government. A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way, Aso Hill, the Abuja Plant Nursery, Eagle Square (which has important historic significance, as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on May 29, 1999) and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier across the road facing it. The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue. A well-known government office is the Ministry of Defence, popularly nicknamed "Ship House".

Garki District

The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city, having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east. The district is subdivided into units called "Areas". Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of "Area" to refer to parts of Garki. These are designated as Areas 1 to 11. Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2. Visitors may find this system confusing.

Garki is presently the principal business district of Abuja. Numerous buildings of interest are in this area. Some of them include the General Post Office, Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way, Nicon Luxury Hotel (formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian), Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings (Area 1). A new five-star hotel, Hawthorn Suites Abuja, is in Garki II.

Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes, although a zoological garden as well as Garki Shopping Centre are in Area 2. Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7. The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces – Army, Airforce and Navy – are all in the Garki District.

The tallest building in this district is the Radio House, which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications, and the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN). The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) stations and corporate headquarters are based in Garki. The Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki.

The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja is in Area 10. Other places of note include the Arts and Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force headquarters in Area 10. The Abuja Municipal Area Council, which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10. The new United States Embassy is in the Garki district.

Wuse District

Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city, with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south. The District is numbered Zones 1–8. The Wuse Market is Abuja's principal market (Zone 5). The second most important post office in the city is here. This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers (Zone 4), Ibro International hotel, the Foreign Affairs Ministry Headquarters (Zone 3) and Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters, Federal Civil Service Commission (Zone 3), Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration (NAFDAC) (Zone 7), Wuse General Hospital, and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation. Just as Garki District has Garki II, Wuse has Wuse II. This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2.

Maitama District

Maitama District is to the north of the city, with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively. This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business, and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive. Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel, National Communications Commission Headquarters (NCC), National Universities Commission (NUC), Soil Conservation Complex, and Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way, in Maitama. Also, the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama. Maitama District is home to many of the European embassies.

Asokoro District

Asokoro District, the doyen of the districts, houses all of the state's lodges/guest houses. The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest. Asokoro is to the east of Garki district and south of Central district. It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers; in addition, the Presidential Palace (Aso Rock) is in Asokoro district. By virtue of this fact, Asokoro is the most secured area of the city.

Gwarimpa District

Gwarimpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council. It is a 20-kilometer drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria, the Gwarimpa Housing Estate. The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa. It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals. The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarimpa.

Radio Stations

88.9 - Brila FM (Abuja) - sports

92.1 - Vision FM

92.9 - Kapital FM

93.5 - ASO Radio

94.7 - Rhythm FM (Abuja)

96.9 - Cool FM (Abuja)

98.3 - Hot FM (Abuja)

99.5 - Wazobia FM (Abuja)

99.9 - Kiss FM (Abuja)

100.5 - RayPower FM (Abuja)

104.5 - Love FM (Abuja)

Weather and climate

Abuja under Koppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate. The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually. This includes a warm, humid rainy season and a blistering dry season. In between the two, there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind, with the main feature of dust haze, intensified coldness and dryness.

The rainy season begins from April and ends in October, when daytime temperatures reach to and nighttime lows hover around to . In the dry season, daytime temperatures can soar as high as and nighttime temperatures can dip to . Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above . The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory.

Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses.

Due to the hilly and mountainous nature of Abuja city, Orographic activities bring heavy and frequent rainfall of about during the rainy season.Beginning in March to November,the rainy season peaks in September, during which abundant rainfall is received in the form of heavy downpours.

Vegetation

The FCT falls within the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region. Patches of rain forest, however, occur in the Gwagwa plains, especially in the rugged terrain to the south southeastern parts of the territory, where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found. These areas of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria.

Skyline

The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings. Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear. Most of the buildings are modern, reflecting that it is a new city.

Plans have been made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is currently under construction. When finished, this structure will loom 170 meters above the city. The tower will be part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre, a 120.000 m² structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria. The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti.

|File:National christian centre1.jpg|National Church of Nigeria }}

Transportation

Airport

Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region. It was named after Nigeria's first president, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. The airport has international and domestic terminals.

Traffic

Due to the slow pace of road reconstruction, inhabitants of Abuja face hours on hours in traffic trying to get to work each day. About 75 percent of residents reside in the outskirts of the main city where all economic activities are located. People coming from Kubwa and environs spend 2–3 hours every morning due to the fact that CGC the Chinese company responsible for the road uses manual labour instead of specialized machinery.

Landmarks

Millennium Tower U/C

Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters

Nigerian Presidential Complex

Aso Rock, official residence of the President of Nigeria

Zuma Rock

NNPC towers

Abuja International Conference Centre African Hall

Central District

Nigerian Communications Commission building

Maitama District home of the embassies

Millennium Park

National Library

Castle of Law

National Ecumenical Centre (National Church)

Abuja Stadium

The Velodrome

Ecowas Secretariat

Ladi Kwali Pottery Centre

National Mosque

Parks and open areas

Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park. Millennium Park was designed by world renowned architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom's Elizabeth II in December 2003.

Sister cities

Brasília, Brazil Detroit, United States Kanpur, India

References

External links

Official site of Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and City of Abuja

Abuja.Net

Abujacity.com

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Category:Capitals in Africa Category:Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria) Category:Local Government Areas in the Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria) Category:Planned capitals Category:Populated places in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria Category:Modernist architecture

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"Medicine man" or "Medicine woman" are English terms used to describe traditional healers and spiritual leaders among Native American and other indigenous or aboriginal peoples. Anthropologists tend to prefer the term "shaman," a specific term for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia.

The medicine man and woman in North America

Role in native society

The primary function of these "medicine elders" (who are not always male) is to secure the help of the spirit world, including the Great Spirit (Wakan Tanka in the language of the Lakota Sioux), for the benefit of the entire community.

Sometimes the help sought may be for the sake of healing disease, sometimes it may be for the sake of healing the psyche, sometimes the goal is to promote harmony between human groups or between humans & nature. So the term "medicine man/woman" is not entirely inappropriate, but it greatly oversimplifies and also skews the depiction of the people whose role in society complements that of the chief. These people are not the Native American equivalent of the Chinese "barefoot doctors", herbalists, nor of the emergency medical technicians who ride rescue vehicles.

To be recognized as the one who performs this function of bridging between the natural world and the spiritual world for the benefit of the community, an individual must be validated in his role by that community. Medicine men and women study through a medicine society or from a single teacher.

Cultural context

The term "medicine people" is commonly used in Native American communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall (Cherokee) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people is privileged, and it often remains in particular families."

Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with Indians from other tribes. In most tribes medicine elders are not expected to advertise or introduce themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to a Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion. One example of this was the Apache medicine cord or ''Izze-kloth'', whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "''the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them''."

The 1954 version of ''Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language,'' reflects the poorly grounded perceptions of the people whose use of the term effectively defined it for the people of that time: "a man supposed to have supernatural powers of curing disease and controlling spirits." In effect, such definitions were not explanations of what these "medicine people" were to their own communities, but instead reported on the consensus of socially and psychologically remote observers when they tried to categorize these individuals. The term "medicine man/woman," like the term "shaman", has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology.

The term "medicine man/woman" was also frequently used by Europeans to refer to African traditional healers, also known as "witch doctors" or "fetish men/women".

See also

Curandero

Ethnobotany

Herbalism

Keewaydinoquay Peschel

Kallawaya

Midewiwin

Plastic shaman

Prehistoric medicine

Shamanism

Trance

References

Category:Healthcare occupations Category:Religious occupations of the indigenous peoples of North America Category:Shamanism of the Americas Category:Herbalism

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